Forget Wind Farms, Solar, Coal, Natural Gas -- Go Nuclear

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By Michael Fumento

Despite massive subsidies, wind power still only provides about two percent of U.S. energy. Part of the problem is inherent. It takes a lot of turbines to produce the power that a single coal-fired or nuke plant can produce. So wind farms are going to comprise a lot of turbines. And that causes problems, as we’ve been seeing in a 10-year fight over constructing a 130-turbine offshore wind farm near Martha’s Vineyard.

It would be the first offshore wind project in the country and furnish about 75 percent of Cape Cod’s energy.

Ian Bowles, the Massachusetts energy and environmental affairs secretary, has called the project “symbolic of America’s struggle with clean energy. Its symbolism has risen above the number of megawatts.”

Although some protests have been dealt with, including potential hindrance to navigation and fishing and harm to birds, Indians are still against it. (I used to say “native Americans” until once when I was interviewing two of them and I kept saying “native Americans” and they kept referring to themselves as “Indians.”)

The Indians in the area practice a sunrise ritual on the sound and also say they may have artifacts buried beneath the seabed, according to the Washington Post. They’ve gotten the sound qualified for listing on the National Register of Historic Places, which could restrict its commercial use.

Interior Secretary Ken Salazar says that although his department is trying to broker a deal between the tribes and Energy Management, the company seeking to build the farm, “I’m not holding my breath for a consensus.” If both sides can’t settle on a compromise by April, he says, he’s going to just lay down the law himself in April and probably tick off everybody.

Michael Moynihan, director of the Green Project at NDN, a centrist think tank, told the Post, “It is emblematic of the difficulty of getting wind online, anywhere in America, with a system designed a century ago that is frankly hostile to renewable energy.”

Right. If it were just a few tightly-bunched turbines, it wouldn’t be a problem. But these farms, in addition to things like chopping up birds and bats have a big and obvious footprint.

Compare that with the nearest power plant to my home, which I often pass on my bike rides. It’s small, but probably provides more power than hundreds of turbines. Nonetheless, being coal-powered it drew the ire of a number of local residents. So the owners did something really smart. They built a wooden wall around the plant, then painted a very nice mural on it depicting local history.

This being the land of George Washington, the murals include such as Washington’s crossing of the Delaware. The wall isn’t that high, yet it’s enough so that if you didn’t already know the plant was there you wouldn’t know it was there. It has smokestacks, but you never see anything come out of them. The only ugly aspect was the coal pile, and it’s now obscured.

Out of sight, out of mind. But you can’t do that with wind. Solar has its own problem, also based on inefficiency, in that it requires huge tracts of land for all the panels needed.

But if you’re looking for new facilities that don’t produce greenhouse gas emissions there is a fourth solution. Nuclear power. A natural gas-burning power plant under construction has just exploded, killing five people. Every year, American coal miners die violently in mines or slowly from exposure to coal dust. Nuclear power in this country has never killed anybody. No birds, no bats, and most importantly no humans. That’s also true in France, where 70 percent of their power comes from nukes.

And today’s nuke plant designs are less prone to accidents than ever.

The writing is on the wall. Go nuclear.

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caelum's picture

Nuclear power is nice in theory, but there are substantial problems with it in practice.

(i) They are very sensitive to heat surges, more so than electrical facilities and grids. A nuclear reactor is just a very advanced heat engine, so it could have to be shut down or have to be significantly reduced in power when heat shocks occur. Considering the next half-century we are anticipating more volatile solar flare activity (it peaks somewhere between 2012 -2014, but volatility is expected to persist abnormally throughout the cycle for a whole host of reasons) this could be a substantial problem without greater innovation.

(ii) If you use nuclear power on a massive scale, what do you do with all the nuclear waste? Right now it's manageable because nuclear power isn't very common, but as energy demand continues to grow - so will the waste. Where do we put all that waste that is very damaging to the environment and our health ? Geological depositories aren't really a feasible option. If we think garbage is a problem, then wait till we discover the joys of dealing with large amounts of high-level waste! The only economically feasible option is to finally get nuclear transmutation going, but that is purely hypothetical and we'd need a lot of R&D funding to get that going at a feasible level.

(iii) The costs are, frankly, not feasible to set up in the short-run. The cost of running a plant is roughly the same as most non-nuclear plants, but the start-up costs and the costs of properly disposing the most toxic of waste is very expensive (that's the largest long-term costs, which is my biggest concern). Not only would this absolutely require large funding from the government (and I know CEI-folks are deficit hawks) since private enterprise wouldn't have the ability to gather that level of capital; but energy bills would shoot up. Energy would become substantially more expensive due to the cost of waste removal since the only thing keeping the current costs down is the nuclear plants are given massive government subsidies which would not be feasible on a large scale.

Although, now that I'm thinking about it, the balance-of-trade effects induced by introducing nuclear technology and reducing natural energy that is largely imported would likely counteract the effects of the large costs of nuclear fuel in the long-run for start-up capital costs from the government deficit perspective (I'm just speculating, but it seems plausible), but the short-term the government expense would still be enormous.

I still don't understand why we haven't pursued fusion power. Most scientists have believed fusion power has been 50 years away for quite some time, and I suspect it's less than that. It's not effected by heat shocks, we wouldn't have to deal with the waste, and it wouldn't cost nearly as much because the cost of disposal doesn't exist like in fission power. Why we haven't pursued it? The large costs of R&D and the anticipated length of the project, but I think it would be better than whatever we are currently planning on doing now - at least in the long run.

earthsound's picture

heat: Yes, nuclear plants generate a lot of heat (~2/3 of the energy produced is lost to heat, as with most power generating systems) and are susceptible to droughts, etc., however, I believe solar flares would be a much bigger, more direct, concern to the national power grid itself, rather than directly to a nuclear reactor. As mentioned in a NASA-funded NAS study[1], if a geomagnetic storm, with the power of the one that hit earth in 1921, were to hit us today, > 350 critical transformers would go out within 90 seconds, leaving 130 million without power. If a nuclear reactor loses power, it's programmed to shut down.

However, regarding the heat, I wonder why it has taken so long for synergistic approaches to be discussed, such as colocating nuclear production with the production of electricity & liquid fuels using renewable sources and/or liquid fuels from fossil sources.[2][3]

waste: Current U.S. regulations preclude the use of technology for reprocessing of nuclear waste (forcing a once-use or "open" fuel cycle), which is why there is so much of it around. France, Japan & the UK, for example, use a "closed" fuel cycle, whereby the fuel is reprocessed to recover the uranium (spent fuel retains about 95% of the uranium it started with). So, transmutation is only hypothetical in the U.S., where it's been barred for commercial use since 1977. DOE has R&D invested in this direction via the AFCI, however the U.S. is far behind others, such as France's AREVA NC La Hague site.[3][4][5][6][7][8] There are other methods currently being studied to improve the reclamation.[9] One of the trade-offs to reprocessing is that it's more expensive, however it is much better for long-term storage/disposal.

costs: While I don't necessarily agree with all of the reasoning or all of the summary findings, this paper goes into good detail about "The Future of Nuclear Power".[10]

fusion: Fusion has been pursued for over 50 years, but most expect commercial fusion production is 50 years (or more) away. A lot of money is poured into R&D. In the EU FP6, almost as much money was set aside for controlled thermonuclear fusion research as for all sustainable energy systems development.[11] For current fusion reactor designs, see ITER, DEMO, HiPER, Wendelstein 7-X, and IFMIF.

Another option is something like Hyperion Power Module, which will allegedly power 20,000 homes for 7-10 years and the waste generated is about the size of a football .[12][13]

[1] http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2009/21jan_severespaceweather.htm
[2] http://www.ornl.gov /~webworks/cppr/y2001/rpt/125102.pdf
[3] http://www.nextgenerationnuclearplant.com /
[4] http://www.heritage.org/Research/Commentary/2007/12/Recycling-Nuclear-Fuel-The-French-Do-It-Why-Cant-Oui
[5] http://www.nei.org/keyissues/nuclearwastedisposal/recyclingusednuclearfuel /
[6] http://nuclear.energy.gov/AFCI/neAFCI.html
[7] http://afci.sandia.gov /
[8] https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt /community/nuclear_energy/277/afci_home_page
[9] http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/08/080821213606.htm
[10] http://web.mit.edu/nuclearpower /
[11] http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp6/pdf/fp6-in-brief_en.pdf - table 8, Budget of FP6
[12] http://www.hyperionpowergeneration.com/product.html
[13] http://gizmodo.com/5054950/backyard-nuclear-reactor-should-be-ready-to-ship-by-2013

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