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An Inadequate Argument Against Josephus' Testimony
- From JP Holding
By J.P. Holding - Founder, Apologetics Ministries
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The Real Problems with Josephus
J.P. I think the real problem with the James the brother of Jesus bit from Josephus is that beyond that brief insertion "who was called Christ" Josephus gives no hint that he regards James as the leader of a Christian sect. If James is really Jesus' brother, and Josephus knows this, why doesn't he comment on the remarkable events that he describes more? Supposedly orthodox Jews are upset that the leader of a heretical sect was killed such that they appeal to the authorities and demand restitution? That's just odd. If you take out the "who was called Christ" line, then suddenly things make sense. In fact the Jesus that is James brother may be the son of Damneus referred to at the end of the passage.
And we all know Christian copyists had no qualms about altering texts to suit their own agenda.
The major problem with the famous Testimonium to my mind is that nobody, Christian or otherwise, cites the passage prior to Eusebius despite the fact that they were aware of them. Origen quotes Josephus extensively, including this book in question, yet never mentions it. He even goes so far as to say that one thing we know about Josephus. He did not regard Jesus as the Christ. Couple this with the fact that we all know that at a minimum major parts are interpolated, if not the whole thing, and you've got a real house of cards here. A very slender reed on which to base historicity.
Eusebius, the first to quote this text in the full flowered, obviously absurd form, is also famous for saying that using falsehood is often necessary for those that need such an approach. Could it be authentic, or perhaps a central core? I suppose. It could also be entirely spurious.
- JonC
December 17, 2008 3:08PM
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I'm not clear on why this is a problem
I am not clear on why this is to be considered a problem. Josephus evidently takes it for granted that his audience knows who James is when he appends the description of him as the brother of Jesus. It is not his goal to provide autobiographies of every character he mentions. If you can show that every other minor person he mentions is described to the same extent you are asking, you will have the beginnings of a case.
You say, “Supposedly orthodox Jews are upset that the leader of a heretical sect was killed such that they appeal to the authorities and demand restitution? That's just odd.” Not at all. You are missing the point that James’ execution was essentially illegal, since Rome held capital power. It is not so much that it was James in particular that was upsetting, but that the illegal execution could have serious repercussions.
You say, “And we all know Christian copyists had no qualms about altering texts to suit their own agenda.” I know of no such thing as a regular practice. Individual claims of alteration must be argued on their own merits, not effected by guilt of association. You appeal also to Eusebius saying he is “famous for saying that using falsehood is often necessary for those that need such an approach.” That is a widely misunderstood reading of Eusebius. I do not know which particular passage you have in mind, but Roger Pearse has analyzed several that are used to this effect at http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/eusebius/eusebius_the_liar.htm
You will need to discuss specific portions of the passage and explain why they are interpolated for me to say anything further. Also, like Zindler, you will need to explain of what use the TF (as restored) would have been to any particular author such as Origen would have found it useful.
It is not so much that it was James in particular that was upsetting, but that the illegal execution could have serious repercussions. In addition, the Pharisees would have appreciated James’ concessions to observe and respect the Law.
- JP Holding
December 18, 2008 4:40PM
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What would be a problem?
You can always concoct what you've heard Farrell Till refer to is the "How it could have been" scenario. Is it possible that Josephus' audience is just so familiar with Jesus that they have no need for explanatory details? I suppose. I don't find that to be plausible. If you do, I guess that's where our difference would lie.
With regards to the odd nature of the orthodox Jews being upset about the death, note that Josephus says that Ananus brought charges against James as a breaker of the law. If he was a Christian and he's teaching the gospel then Ananus would probably be right to say he was a breaker of the law. Josephus says that the elders regarded this as unjust. Isn't that odd if James is a Christian? You say the issue is they think Ananus didn't have the authority to act as he did, and this was the problem. I thought the Jews were kind of annoyed that they had to go through Rome to govern themselves, so I would think they would be slow to appeal to Rome if they thought the punishment was just. Again, this makes it odd.
This doesn't mean it's definitely interpolated. But it's not definitely original either. And again, with Christians running around modifying texts all over the place to suit there own agenda we're stuck being unsure, and hence we are unable to use this as a foundation stone for proof of the historical Jesus. Too bad, but what can you do?
I've read the Pearse article and I really don't think he deals with the issue, but if you need evidence that Christians had no qualms about modifying or inventing texts to further their own agenda, see the TF, the various spurious gospels, letters, and even the manuscripts of the canonical texts as Bart Ehrman has exhaustively shown. That's my main point here. I assume you don't dispute it.
- JonC
January 1, 2009 7:14PM
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Couldn't agree more.
Tacitus isn't even needed to begin with! The issue doesn't hinge on him!
For sure, testimony pushes the bar ever further beyond reasonable doubt, but we have reached that point long before Tacitus' work. For the existence of Jesus, we have four texts (the Gospels) that are in the style of Greco/Roman bios (lives), one historiography text (Acts), the testimony of Saul/Paul, who from his first letter tells us he was a former persecutor who knew the original disciples of Jesus, and that they agreed with his preaching (Gal 1:13-24; Gal 2:9-10), the testimony of the Pastorals, Hebrews author, 1 Clement....the list goes on.
It would be foolish to say that there are perhaps some historical/textual discrepencies in these works, some issues to sort through, but thats history! If anyone applied these ridiculous criteria to any other ancient sources whos textual/historical problems are far far far far worse than anything in the NT, we would have no history. We'd all be screaming, "Woe is us! We cannot know for sure either way! So we must presume the negative!"
From just the Christian testimony alone, we have a huge pool of resources. Of the kind that if it were in support of any figure of "secular" history, his existence would be beyond any doubt. But since its Jesus, well we have to have a Polaroid snapshot of him teaching. This whole thing is so nutty!
The testimony of Josephus and Tacitus, two of the most prized historians of this period, puts Jesus so firmly in history, that mythers are forced to coming just shy of denying anything can be known at all about ancient history at all. As JP said in his response to Zindler’s one weak argument, “Mr. Zindler is using a form of (historical) epistemology unknown to credentialed historians.”
The evidence is clear, if you deny Jesus existed, you better be applying your criteria fairly, and across the board with respect to all accepted historical knowledge. I think you’ll find how absurd your thinking is is you actually do go ahead an try this.
- fenrir23
December 18, 2008 6:09PM
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One last comment
I'm gonna make a few comments even though in my last comment to Zindler, I said I was through.
First, I accidentally put the above comment here under JP's Josephus argument instead of under his Tacitus argument. My point still stands. Adding Tacitus to the roster pushes Jesus so far over the historicity burden of proof, it isn't even funny. Tacitus isn't just "generally reliable". According to scholars who study him, and antiquity in general, he's very well beyond reliable. Look into works like those by Martin, Grant and Syme. Tacitus questioned his sources, and simply would not have reported something like this about Jesus without a good investigation. Unless one is willing to engage in a little speacial pleading here, the decision isn't that difficult. Tacitus is simply one of many hurdles the Christ myther fails to clear.
Regarding Josephus, one cannot simply remove the words, "Who was called Christ" and then say, "the passage still reads fine, even better since it goes along with my theory better now." For all this does is assume a forgery to prove one.
Reality check: We have nothing to suggest early Christians added and subtracted information from any text they wanted on a whim. Again, Christianity had not the power to do so for about 275 yrs, and didn;t even have that kind of power when it controlled the Roman world. The manuscript tradition for Josephus is just as good as most other works, which also come from largly Christian hand, of antiquity and not one manuscript omits these words.
Thus, its already going way beyond the evidence to suggest otherwise. Further, why would Josephus need go into any further discussion about James' role in the early Christian community? Again, this argument from silence proves nothing save for what Josephus chose to mention, and what he chose not to mention. It does not give justification to re-write other parts of the passage as we see fit. Moreover, as JP says, the passage is about neither Jesus nor James, but Ananus. James and Jesus are given passing mentions simply to clarify James' role in what Josephus believed to be the more important story. What happened to Ananus!
Ironically, if a Christian had got ahold of this, it would not read like it does now. It probably would say something like, "...brought before them the Brother of the Lord Jesus, the Christ, who was called James the Just. The head of the Christians. And was murdered at the Jews hands." The idea that Christians just got lucky by finding a passage that sounds a lot like what we know about the early church and inserted the words, "called Christ" and got away with it is silly.
The passage is just like Tacitus' reference. Its so mundane to negative in what it says about Jesus and James. Merely two passing names that Josephus never talks of again. Hardly something a Christian would forge. On top of all this, neither passage provides any apologetic content at all. Indeed, the reconsructed Testimonium, and the James reference, are both neutral to very negative in their assesment of Jesus and so provide us with nothing that other Christian sources didn't already say about him. That Jesus was a man who did miricles, was crucified, and had a brother named James was never once disputed by any ancient opponent or proponent of Christianity, Jew or Pagan. Thus, for the purpose of apologetics, they are totally useless! Josephus' comments on Jesus are authentic as the top Josephus scholars in the world, who, by the way, have nothing to lose from saying otherwise, assert over and over again. I know for the myther that sucks, but thats life.
Thats it! I'm out!
- fenrir23
December 19, 2008 12:45AM
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